Problem
Limited exchange reduces access to useful ideas and resources.
Action
Trade, share knowledge, and cooperate with people beyond your own group.
Outcome
More opportunities and solutions become available.
Chapter: Open - Open exchange
Problem
Barriers to movement prevent people from contributing where they can create the most value.
Action
Allow people to move, work, and build connections across societies.
Outcome
Talent and effort are used more effectively.
Chapter: Open - Open doors
Problem
Strong attachment to existing beliefs can block learning.
Action
Seek out information and viewpoints that differ from your own.
Outcome
Your understanding becomes more accurate.
Chapter: Open - Open minds
Problem
Restrictions on freedom limit cooperation and progress.
Action
Defend rules and institutions that allow voluntary exchange and free choice.
Outcome
People can innovate and cooperate more easily.
Chapter: Open - Open societies
Problem
Dividing people into opposing groups creates distrust.
Action
Evaluate people by their actions rather than their group identity.
Outcome
Cooperation between different people becomes easier.
Chapter: Closed - Us and them
Problem
Zero-sum thinking overlooks opportunities for shared benefit.
Action
Search for arrangements in which all sides can improve their situation.
Outcome
More value is created for everyone involved.
Chapter: Closed - Zero-sum
Problem
Expected dangers can appear larger than they really are.
Action
Examine facts and probabilities before accepting a fearful prediction.
Outcome
Risks are judged more realistically.
Chapter: Closed - Anticipatory anxiety
Problem
Fear can trigger impulsive decisions.
Action
Assess the situation carefully before taking action.
Outcome
Responses become more effective and appropriate.
Chapter: Closed - Fight or flight